electronic espionage IN ITALY .--- What the law says ..... In Italy there are no laws dealing specifically the means for electronic espionage, subject to certain resolutions on video monitoring, mainly in the workplace. The law affects the other hand about the purposes and consequences of Improper use of equipment. To quote the 675/1996 that protects citizens by ensuring the right to privacy. Then there's' Law 98/1974 which deals with the use of equipment for environmental monitoring. The Workers' Statute (Law 20/05/1970 n. 300) prohibits the use of equipment for environmental monitoring, unless explicitly authorized by the employees or their representative. In terms of codes to be mentioned Articles. 615bis, 616 and 617 bis of the Penal Code and Article. 226bis of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which protect the privacy rights of citizens and communities. Exceptions to these rights may be granted only upon court order zone (Magistrate) to the police, for reasons related to the detailed investigative activities (preliminary investigations, police investigations, etc.).. Deserve a separate consideration of the intelligence: we know that they also constantly use electronic espionage tools, and it seems plausible that founded and broad exemptions and enjoy great freedom of action than the above.
There are other exceptions (some factual, others explicitly included in the above laws and ministerial circulars) to the above principles, and 'the case of private detective agency, who can not do without to use such equipment in order to provide a complete service to the customer, and which can not request authorization from the magistrate all the time to take a picture related to a case of marital betrayal!
Similarly, someone who, for whatever reason, wants to know absolutely what is happening in his house when he's not there ', would hardly even simple care by a court or a Magistrate. The limit beyond which there is a breach of confidentiality has always been quite uncertain and often subject to interpretations by at least questionable of judicial bodies which have been called to resolve a complaint. It is not the purpose of this page to the merits of ethical issues or legal interpretations. There are cases declassified because the fact that there is honestly, in the opinion of the writer, were clear violations, and cases of conviction occurred in questionable circumstances.
We know that, unfortunately, serious workloads accorded to law enforcement agencies often do not allow them to react in an efficient and timely on a mere suspicion of espionage; prince's advice is always to contact a private detective agency, and we support this call , but the investigating agencies are still seen (rightly or wrongly, it is not for us to judge) expensive and elitist, while "know" today is a requirement that can easily embrace classes social at the end of the month are forced to count the last change.
E 'then the purpose for which they are used equipment which can' be the subject of a complaint or part of office procedure in severe cases .. The devices for the defense electronics are just "tools" whose possession and 'free as the transaction as equivalent to any other electronic device . In particular are not subject to special restrictions and / or restrictions on all the radio frequency systems that do not exceed (in transmission power and spurious emissions) limits imposed by Community legislation and national laws (ETS 300 / 220 / 200 / EC 683 with reference power of 3.5 dBm, approximately 10 mW RF, otherwise classifiable with LPD Low Power Devices). Only possession of a scanner and 'subject to a simple notification to the competent authorities by the user and the payment of an annual government license fee minimal. There shops are open to the public that regularly sell bugging scanner easily exposed in the window, both in Italy and abroad. The use (or end) and 'therefore always under the direct and exclusive responsibility' of the user.
only for information are summarized below for the general constituting always been illegal and severely punishable offense:
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military intelligence.
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industrial espionage.
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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF ESPIONAGE OR EXECUTED in government circles.
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ESPIONAGE WORKERS.
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A SPY FOR BLACKMAIL.
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ESPIONAGE AT THE END of undermining the dignity 'and maligned UNINFORMED STAFF SUBJECT.
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ESPIONAGE TO ACQUIRE IMAGES AND RECORDS BUT FOR REASONS OF PROFITS.
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ESPIONAGE FOR A EROTIC.
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ESPIONAGE IN AREAS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC.
